Recommended safety margin:
≥5 mm minimum (A0) ·
≥10 mm optimal.
Radiofrequency is more susceptible to the heat-sink effect (heat dissipation from large vessels >3mm) than MWA — the actual margin achieved may be reduced near vascular structures.
International Delphi consensus — Paolucci et al., Lancet Oncol 2026;27:e248–58.